In common, Makkah's period before Islam at conceive of period Jahiliyyah that meaning folly and barbarian. Manifestly, declared for by Philip K. Hitti, Makkah's society before Islam is society that have no given idiosyncrasy destiny (no. dispensation), have no given prophet that terutus and captaining (no. inspired prophet) and have no special innocent book terwahyukan's one (no. revealed book) and becomes life guidance.
Referring word "Jahiliyyah" in al Qur' an, which is in Ali Imron /'s letter 3 sentences 154(…yazhunnuna bi Allahi ghayra al haqqi zhanna al jahiliyyati …), al Ma's letter' idah / 5 sentences 50 (afahukma al jahiliyyati yabghuna …), al Ahzab /'s letter 33 sentences 33 (wala tabarrujna tabarruja al jahiliyyati …) and al Fath /'s letter 48 sentences 26(…fi qulubihmu al hamiyyata hamiyyata al jahiliyyati …) as it were pointed by Philip K. Hitti and identified by Fuad's Muhammad as sentence that contains to say "Jahiliyyah", adequately gives one that road map that Jahiliyyah's society have typical marking on confidence aspect to God (zhann bi Allahi), civilization orders (hukm), life style (tabarruj) and its vanity character (hamiyyah). Due to humanitarianism history, Jahiliyyah's law apparently make partialness on agglomerate given one gets to be called have racial character, feudal and patriarkhis
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Muhammad Ridho, Muhammad Rasul Allah Shalla Alllahu 'alayhi wa Sallama, cet. V (Kairo: Dar al-Ihya' al-'Arabiyyah, 1966 M / 1385 H) hlm. 59.
Marshal G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, Vol. I The Classical Age of Islam (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1974), hlm. 174.
Robert Roberts, The Social Laws of the Qur'an: Considered and Compared with Those of the Hebrew and other Ancient Codes, cet. I (London: Curzon Press, 1990), hlm. 2.
Joseph Schacht, An Introduction to Islamic Law, cet. II (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964), hlm. 1.
S.D. Goitein, "The Birth-Hour of Muslim Law; an Essay in Exegesis" dalam Jurnal The Muslim World, vol. L (Hartdford: The Hartdford Seminary Foundation, 1960), hlm. 23.
Schacht, An Introduction…, hlm. 1.
Muhammad Hamidullah, The Emergence of Islam, Afzal Iqbal (translator and editor), cet. I (Islamabad: Islamic Research Institut, 1993), hlm. 64.
Andrew Rippin, Muslims; Their Beliefs and Practices, vol. I The Formative Period, cet. I (London: Routledge, 1990), hlm. 10.
Lihat Marshal G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam…, hlm. 174.
Ini bukan berarti bahwa Islam diyakini hanya sebagai hasil kreasi manusia semata, namun Islam tetap diyakini sebagai wahyu yang datang dari Allah SWT, lihat M. Atho Mudzhar, Pendekatan Studi Islam Dalam teori dan Praktek, cet. I (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 1998), hlm. 37-38.
Richard C. Martin, Approach to Islam Religious Studies (Tucson: Arizona Press, 1985), hlm. 2. Bandingkan dengan M. Atho Mudzhar yang menyatakan adanya dua pendekatan yang saling berlawanan dalam memahami Islam, yaitu idealist approach dan reductionist approach, M. Atho Mudzhar, Pendekatan Studi Islam…, hlm. 43.
Philip K. Hitti, History of Arabs from Earliest Times to the Present, edisi X (London: The Macmillan Press, 1974), hlm. 87.
Ibid.
Lihat Muhammad Fuad Abd al-Baqi, al-Mu'jam al-Mufahras li Alfadz al-Qur'an al-Karim, cet. I (ttp.: Dar al-Fikr, 1986 M / 1406 H), hlm. 184.
LIhat nukilan dari al-'Aruba fi Mizan al-Qawmiyyah, hlm 10 yang terdapat dalam Ali Husni al-Khurbuthuli, Ma'a al-'Arab (I): Muhammad wa al-Qawmiyyah al-'Arabiyyah, cet. II (Kairo: al-Mathbu'ah al-Haditsah, 1959), hlm. 5.
Nukilan dari al-Thabari, Tarikh al-Tabari, II: 150-156 dalam buku 'Ali Abd al-Wahid Wafi, al-Musawah fi al-Islam, Anshari Umar Sitanggal dan Rosichin (penterjemah) (Bandung: al-Ma’arif, 1984), hlm. 17-18.
'Ali Husni al-Khurbuthuli menyatakan bahwa orang Arab pra-Islam (Jahiliyyah) benar-benar selalu membela anggota qabilah-nya, baik dalam posisi menganiaya (zhalim) maupun dalam posisi teraniaya (mazhlum), lihat 'Ali Husni al-Khurbuthuli, Ma'a al-'Arab (I) …, hlm. 21.
Lihat Ibid., hlm. 6.
Lihat Ibn Hisyam, al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah li Ibn Hisyam, notasi oleh Mushthafa al-Saqa, dkk., cet. II (Mesir: Syirkah Maktabah wa Mathba'ah Mushthafa al-Babi al-Halabi wa Awladihi, 1955 M / 1375 H), jilid I, hlm. 184.
W. Montgomery Watt, Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman, cet. II (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969), hlm. 51-52.
M.A. Shaban, Islamic History: A New Interpretation I A.D. 600-750, cet. IX (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971), hlm. 8.
Philip K. Hitti, History of Arab…, hlm. 95.
Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies, cet. X (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), hlm. 24.
Lihat Washington Irving, Life of Mahomet (London: J.M. Dent & Son Lt., 1949), hlm. 13-14.
Lihat Haifaa A. Jawad, The Rights of Women in Islam; An Authentic Approach, cet I (New York: S.T. Martin's Press, 1989), hlm. 1-3.
Lihat Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Arab…, hlm. 19-20.
Ayat al-Qur'an surat Al-Ma'idah ayat 50 berbunyi, "afa hukma al-jahiliyyati yabghuna. Wa man ahsanu min Allahi hukman li qawmin yuqinun". Ayat ini didahului dengan ayat yang menerangkan perintah Allah SWT untuk memerangi dan menggunakan hukum Islam yang telah diturunkan oleh Allah SWT, lihat surat Al-Ma'idah ayat 48-49.
W.M. Watt, Muhammad; Prophet and Statesman, cet. II (reprint) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969), hlm. 23-24.
Marshal G.S. Hodgson, The Venture… I:163.
Ira M. Lapidus, A History…, hlm. 24.
Ibid.
Masdar Farid Mas'udi, Islam dan Hak-Hak Reproduksi Perempuan: Dialog Fiqh Pemberdayaan, cet. II (Bandung: Mizan, 1997), hlm. 29-30.
Surat al-Zalzalah/99 ayat 7-8, Fa man ya'mal mitsqala dzarrotin khairan yarahu. Ma man ya'mal mitsqala dzarrotin syarran yarahu.
Surat al-Hujurat/49 ayat 13, Ya ayyuha al-nassu inna khalaqnakum min dzakarin wa untsa wa ja'alnakum syu'uban wa qaba'ilan li ta'arafu, inna akramakum 'inda Allahi atqakum.
Surat Al-Ma'idah/5 ayat 8, I'dilu huwa aqrabu li al-taqwa.
Surat Al-Ma'idah/5 ayat 8, ..Wa la yajrimannakum syana'anu qawmin 'ala alla ta'dilu… dan juga hadits riwayat al-Bukhari, Ya ayyuha al-nassu innama halaka al-ladzina min qablikum annahum kanu idza saraqa fihim al-syarifu tarakahu wa idza saraqa fihim al-dha'ifu aqamu 'alayhi al-haddu wa aymu Allahi, law anna Fatimata binta Muhammadin saraqat laqatha'tu yadaha.
Surat al-Baqarah/2 ayat 279, La tadzlimuna wa la tudzlamuna dan Hadits riwayat Ibn Majah, La dharara wa la dhirara.
Surat al-'Ashr/103 ayat 1-3, Wa al-'Ashri, inna al-insana lafi khusrin, illa al-ladzina amanu wa 'amilu al-shalihati wa tawashaw bi al-haqqi wa tawashau bi al-shabri.
Surat al-Isra'/17 ayat 34, …Wa awfu bi al-'ahdi, inna al-'ahda kana mas'ulan
Surat al-Ma'idah/5 ayat 2, Wa ta'awanu 'ala al-birri wa al-taqwa.
Surat al-Nisa'/4 ayat 75, Wa ma lakum la tuqatiluna fi sabili Allahi wa al-mustadh'afina min al-rijali wa al-nisa'I wa al-wildani…
Surat al-Syura/42 ayat 38, Wa amruhum syura baynahum.
Surat al-Baqarah/2 ayat 187, …Hunna libasun lakum wa antum libasun lahunna…
Surat al-Nisa'/4 ayat 19, …Wa 'asyiru hunna bi al-ma'ruf…
Abu al-Hasan 'Ali bin Ahmad al-Wahidi, Asbab al-Nuzul, Abu al-Qasim Hibatullah ibn Salamah Abu Nashr (pentahqiq), (Kairo: Maktabah al-Dakwah, t.t.), hlm. 295.
Masdar F. Mas'udi, Islam dan Hak-Hak Reproduksi…, hlm. 52-53.
Joseph Schacht, An Introduction to Islamic Law…, hlm. 10.
Marshal G.S. Hodgson, The Venture…, I: 174.
Albert Hourani, A History of The Arab Peoples, cet. I (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1992), hlm. 17.
Ira M. Lapidus, A History,.., hlm. 24.
Ibn Hisyam, al-Sira,.., I: 240
Marshal G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, Vol. I The Classical Age of Islam (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1974), hlm. 174.
Robert Roberts, The Social Laws of the Qur'an: Considered and Compared with Those of the Hebrew and other Ancient Codes, cet. I (London: Curzon Press, 1990), hlm. 2.
Joseph Schacht, An Introduction to Islamic Law, cet. II (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964), hlm. 1.
S.D. Goitein, "The Birth-Hour of Muslim Law; an Essay in Exegesis" dalam Jurnal The Muslim World, vol. L (Hartdford: The Hartdford Seminary Foundation, 1960), hlm. 23.
Schacht, An Introduction…, hlm. 1.
Muhammad Hamidullah, The Emergence of Islam, Afzal Iqbal (translator and editor), cet. I (Islamabad: Islamic Research Institut, 1993), hlm. 64.
Andrew Rippin, Muslims; Their Beliefs and Practices, vol. I The Formative Period, cet. I (London: Routledge, 1990), hlm. 10.
Lihat Marshal G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam…, hlm. 174.
Ini bukan berarti bahwa Islam diyakini hanya sebagai hasil kreasi manusia semata, namun Islam tetap diyakini sebagai wahyu yang datang dari Allah SWT, lihat M. Atho Mudzhar, Pendekatan Studi Islam Dalam teori dan Praktek, cet. I (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 1998), hlm. 37-38.
Richard C. Martin, Approach to Islam Religious Studies (Tucson: Arizona Press, 1985), hlm. 2. Bandingkan dengan M. Atho Mudzhar yang menyatakan adanya dua pendekatan yang saling berlawanan dalam memahami Islam, yaitu idealist approach dan reductionist approach, M. Atho Mudzhar, Pendekatan Studi Islam…, hlm. 43.
Philip K. Hitti, History of Arabs from Earliest Times to the Present, edisi X (London: The Macmillan Press, 1974), hlm. 87.
Ibid.
Lihat Muhammad Fuad Abd al-Baqi, al-Mu'jam al-Mufahras li Alfadz al-Qur'an al-Karim, cet. I (ttp.: Dar al-Fikr, 1986 M / 1406 H), hlm. 184.
LIhat nukilan dari al-'Aruba fi Mizan al-Qawmiyyah, hlm 10 yang terdapat dalam Ali Husni al-Khurbuthuli, Ma'a al-'Arab (I): Muhammad wa al-Qawmiyyah al-'Arabiyyah, cet. II (Kairo: al-Mathbu'ah al-Haditsah, 1959), hlm. 5.
Nukilan dari al-Thabari, Tarikh al-Tabari, II: 150-156 dalam buku 'Ali Abd al-Wahid Wafi, al-Musawah fi al-Islam, Anshari Umar Sitanggal dan Rosichin (penterjemah) (Bandung: al-Ma’arif, 1984), hlm. 17-18.
'Ali Husni al-Khurbuthuli menyatakan bahwa orang Arab pra-Islam (Jahiliyyah) benar-benar selalu membela anggota qabilah-nya, baik dalam posisi menganiaya (zhalim) maupun dalam posisi teraniaya (mazhlum), lihat 'Ali Husni al-Khurbuthuli, Ma'a al-'Arab (I) …, hlm. 21.
Lihat Ibid., hlm. 6.
Lihat Ibn Hisyam, al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah li Ibn Hisyam, notasi oleh Mushthafa al-Saqa, dkk., cet. II (Mesir: Syirkah Maktabah wa Mathba'ah Mushthafa al-Babi al-Halabi wa Awladihi, 1955 M / 1375 H), jilid I, hlm. 184.
W. Montgomery Watt, Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman, cet. II (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969), hlm. 51-52.
M.A. Shaban, Islamic History: A New Interpretation I A.D. 600-750, cet. IX (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971), hlm. 8.
Philip K. Hitti, History of Arab…, hlm. 95.
Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies, cet. X (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), hlm. 24.
Lihat Washington Irving, Life of Mahomet (London: J.M. Dent & Son Lt., 1949), hlm. 13-14.
Lihat Haifaa A. Jawad, The Rights of Women in Islam; An Authentic Approach, cet I (New York: S.T. Martin's Press, 1989), hlm. 1-3.
Lihat Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Arab…, hlm. 19-20.
Ayat al-Qur'an surat Al-Ma'idah ayat 50 berbunyi, "afa hukma al-jahiliyyati yabghuna. Wa man ahsanu min Allahi hukman li qawmin yuqinun". Ayat ini didahului dengan ayat yang menerangkan perintah Allah SWT untuk memerangi dan menggunakan hukum Islam yang telah diturunkan oleh Allah SWT, lihat surat Al-Ma'idah ayat 48-49.
W.M. Watt, Muhammad; Prophet and Statesman, cet. II (reprint) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969), hlm. 23-24.
Marshal G.S. Hodgson, The Venture… I:163.
Ira M. Lapidus, A History…, hlm. 24.
Ibid.
Masdar Farid Mas'udi, Islam dan Hak-Hak Reproduksi Perempuan: Dialog Fiqh Pemberdayaan, cet. II (Bandung: Mizan, 1997), hlm. 29-30.
Surat al-Zalzalah/99 ayat 7-8, Fa man ya'mal mitsqala dzarrotin khairan yarahu. Ma man ya'mal mitsqala dzarrotin syarran yarahu.
Surat al-Hujurat/49 ayat 13, Ya ayyuha al-nassu inna khalaqnakum min dzakarin wa untsa wa ja'alnakum syu'uban wa qaba'ilan li ta'arafu, inna akramakum 'inda Allahi atqakum.
Surat Al-Ma'idah/5 ayat 8, I'dilu huwa aqrabu li al-taqwa.
Surat Al-Ma'idah/5 ayat 8, ..Wa la yajrimannakum syana'anu qawmin 'ala alla ta'dilu… dan juga hadits riwayat al-Bukhari, Ya ayyuha al-nassu innama halaka al-ladzina min qablikum annahum kanu idza saraqa fihim al-syarifu tarakahu wa idza saraqa fihim al-dha'ifu aqamu 'alayhi al-haddu wa aymu Allahi, law anna Fatimata binta Muhammadin saraqat laqatha'tu yadaha.
Surat al-Baqarah/2 ayat 279, La tadzlimuna wa la tudzlamuna dan Hadits riwayat Ibn Majah, La dharara wa la dhirara.
Surat al-'Ashr/103 ayat 1-3, Wa al-'Ashri, inna al-insana lafi khusrin, illa al-ladzina amanu wa 'amilu al-shalihati wa tawashaw bi al-haqqi wa tawashau bi al-shabri.
Surat al-Isra'/17 ayat 34, …Wa awfu bi al-'ahdi, inna al-'ahda kana mas'ulan
Surat al-Ma'idah/5 ayat 2, Wa ta'awanu 'ala al-birri wa al-taqwa.
Surat al-Nisa'/4 ayat 75, Wa ma lakum la tuqatiluna fi sabili Allahi wa al-mustadh'afina min al-rijali wa al-nisa'I wa al-wildani…
Surat al-Syura/42 ayat 38, Wa amruhum syura baynahum.
Surat al-Baqarah/2 ayat 187, …Hunna libasun lakum wa antum libasun lahunna…
Surat al-Nisa'/4 ayat 19, …Wa 'asyiru hunna bi al-ma'ruf…
Abu al-Hasan 'Ali bin Ahmad al-Wahidi, Asbab al-Nuzul, Abu al-Qasim Hibatullah ibn Salamah Abu Nashr (pentahqiq), (Kairo: Maktabah al-Dakwah, t.t.), hlm. 295.
Masdar F. Mas'udi, Islam dan Hak-Hak Reproduksi…, hlm. 52-53.
Joseph Schacht, An Introduction to Islamic Law…, hlm. 10.
Marshal G.S. Hodgson, The Venture…, I: 174.
Albert Hourani, A History of The Arab Peoples, cet. I (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1992), hlm. 17.
Ira M. Lapidus, A History,.., hlm. 24.
Ibn Hisyam, al-Sira,.., I: 240
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